Book1927
Animal Ecology
Charles Elton
Introduces the food chain, the food cycle and the pyramid of numbers as the organising structure of animal communities.
link failing as of 17 Sept 2026FreeIntermediate
Trophic Dynamics & Food Webs
A topic within Ecology, itself one of 13 topics in that field and part of Biology.
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Animal Ecology
Charles Elton · 1927
Introduces the food chain, the food cycle and the pyramid of numbers as the organising structure of animal communities.
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Primary sources and full treatments.
The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology
Raymond L. Lindeman · 1942
Recasts the food web as a series of energy transfers between trophic levels, each one losing most of the energy it receives to respiration.
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Paper1942
The Trophic-Dynamic Aspect of Ecology
Raymond L. Lindeman
Recasts the food web as a series of energy transfers between trophic levels, each one losing most of the energy it receives to respiration.
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Paper1966
Food Web Complexity and Species Diversity
Robert T. Paine
A field removal experiment shows that eliminating one predatory starfish collapses local species diversity, showing predation can control how many species a community holds.
link checked 17 Sept 2026FreeAdvanced