Education & Learning · The Science of Learning
A topic within The Science of Learning, itself one of 12 topics in that field and part of Education & Learning.
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Optimising Learning Using Flashcards: Spacing Is More Effective Than Cramming
Nate Kornell · 2009
Finds in a flashcard-learning experiment that spacing study across separate sessions beats cramming the same material into one, even though learners…
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Maintenance of Foreign Language Vocabulary and the Spacing Effect
Harry P. Bahrick, Lorraine E. Bahrick, Audrey S. Bahrick & Phyllis E. Bahrick · 1993
A nine-year study of the same subjects relearning foreign-language vocabulary finds that spacing relearning sessions further apart costs a little…
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Nate Kornell
Finds in a flashcard-learning experiment that spacing study across separate sessions beats cramming the same material into one, even though learners themselves tend to prefer cramming.
21 pageslink checked 17 Sept 2026Harry P. Bahrick, Lorraine E. Bahrick, Audrey S. Bahrick & Phyllis E. Bahrick
A nine-year study of the same subjects relearning foreign-language vocabulary finds that spacing relearning sessions further apart costs a little speed during training but buys substantially better retention years later.
6 pageslink checked 17 Sept 2026Cepeda, Pashler, Vul, Wixted & Rohrer
A meta-analysis of 254 studies quantifying how retention improves as practice is spaced further apart.
27 pageslink checked 17 Sept 2026Cepeda et al.
Maps how the ideal gap between study sessions grows with the delay until the test, showing that fixed rule-of-thumb spacing advice is far from optimal once the retention interval stretches to months or years.
8 pageslink checked 17 Sept 2026