Psychology · Personality & Individual Differences

Intelligence & IQ

A topic within Personality & Individual Differences, itself one of 10 topics in that field and part of Psychology.

Reading on Intelligence & IQ

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Paper1987

Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure

James R. Flynn

IQ test scores rose by roughly three points per decade across fourteen industrialised nations over the twentieth century, a rise too fast to reflect real gains in general intelligence, which argues that IQ tests measure a narrower abstract problem-solving skill rather than intelligence as ordinarily understood.

Psychology · Personality & Individual Differences

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Paper1904

General Intelligence, Objectively Determined and Measured

Charles Spearman

Performance on unrelated mental tests correlates positively with all the others, which Spearman takes as evidence for a single general intelligence factor, g, underlying performance on any cognitively demanding task.

link checked 17 Sept 2026

Psychology · Personality & Individual Differences

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Reading on Intelligence & IQ

Massive IQ Gains in 14 Nations: What IQ Tests Really Measure

General Intelligence, Objectively Determined and Measured

Other topics in Personality & Individual Differences