Statistics & Data Science · Causal Inference
A topic within Causal Inference, itself one of 10 topics in that field and part of Statistics & Data Science.
Assumes you know the vocabulary.
An Introduction to Propensity Score Methods for Reducing the Effects of Confounding in Observational Studies
Peter C. Austin · 2011
Walks through matching, stratification, weighting and covariate adjustment on the propensity score side by side on the same worked example, so a…
Primary sources and full treatments.
The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects
Paul R. Rosenbaum & Donald B. Rubin · 1983
Proves that matching or stratifying on the single scalar probability of receiving treatment given covariates balances those covariates just as…
+1 more at this level
3 works
Peter C. Austin
Walks through matching, stratification, weighting and covariate adjustment on the propensity score side by side on the same worked example, so a reader can see what each buys and costs relative to the others.
link checked 17 Sept 2026Paul R. Rosenbaum & Donald B. Rubin
Proves that matching or stratifying on the single scalar probability of receiving treatment given covariates balances those covariates just as adjusting for all of them individually would.
link checked 17 Sept 2026Gary King & Richard Nielsen
Argues propensity score matching approximates full randomisation rather than exact matching, so it typically increases imbalance, inefficiency and bias relative to other matching methods the moment enough data exists to do better.
link checked 17 Sept 2026