Statistics & Data Science · Data Literacy & Statistical Misuse
A topic within Data Literacy & Statistical Misuse, itself one of 11 topics in that field and part of Statistics & Data Science.
2 works
Judea Pearl
Argues the paradox is not a statistical curiosity but a causal one, and that only a causal model of how the data were generated - not the data alone - tells you whether to trust the aggregated or the disaggregated trend.
link checked 17 Sept 2026Edward H. Simpson
Shows that an association present in every subgroup of a population can reverse when the subgroups are pooled, and that no purely arithmetical rule tells you which view is the right one to act on.
link checked 17 Sept 2026