Project SherlockEst. Knowledge

Report

1947

United States v. Carroll Towing Co.

United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

Sets out the 'Hand formula' for negligence, holding a defendant is at fault only where the burden of taking precautions is less than the probability of harm multiplied by the harm's severity.

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FreeAdvancedlink checked 17 Sept 2026

Groundwork for

Works in the library that name this one as a prerequisite.

A Theory of Strict LiabilityRichard A. Epstein, 1973Argues American tort liability should rest on the defendant having caused harm at all, rather than on the fault-based negligence standard that came to dominate the field in the twentieth century.

Filed under Tort Law in Law.