Hormonal regulation and its disorders.
10 topics · 14 curated works
No prior grounding assumed.
Assessment of Fracture Risk and its Application to Screening for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Report of a WHO Study Group
World Health Organization · 1994
Defines osteoporosis operationally as bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations or more below the young adult mean, arguing that a single…
+3 more at this level
Assumes you know the vocabulary.
Revised 2003 Consensus on Diagnostic Criteria and Long-Term Health Risks Related to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group · 2004
Redefines polycystic ovary syndrome as present with any two of three features — irregular ovulation, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism,…
Primary sources and full treatments.
On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Supra-Renal Capsules
Thomas Addison · 1855
Gives the first clinical description linking destruction of the adrenal glands to a distinct wasting syndrome, now known as Addison's disease.
+8 more at this level
12 of 14 works
World Health Organization
Defines osteoporosis operationally as bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations or more below the young adult mean, arguing that a single quantitative threshold measured by densitometry is necessary before fracture risk can be screened for and treated systematically.
link checked 17 Sept 2026World Health Organization
Reframes obesity as a chronic disease driven by an environment that promotes energy-dense food and sedentary behaviour, arguing for population-level prevention alongside individual treatment.
link checked 17 Sept 2026World Health Organization
Sets the biochemical and clinical criteria — urinary iodine concentration, goitre rate, thyroid-stimulating hormone — for diagnosing population-level iodine deficiency, arguing that it remains the most common preventable cause of impaired brain development worldwide.
link checked 17 Sept 2026World Health Organization
Presents WHO's first global status report on diabetes, documenting its rise across low- and middle-income countries and arguing that affordable access to insulin and basic diagnostics, not just new drugs, is the binding constraint on treatment worldwide.
link checked 17 Sept 2026Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group
Redefines polycystic ovary syndrome as present with any two of three features — irregular ovulation, clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries on ultrasound — arguing that the syndrome is heterogeneous and need not include all three to be diagnosed.
link failing as of 17 Sept 2026Thomas Addison
Gives the first clinical description linking destruction of the adrenal glands to a distinct wasting syndrome, now known as Addison's disease.
link failing as of 17 Sept 2026Harvey Cushing
Establishes the pituitary gland as the source of a set of distinct clinical syndromes, based on the surgeon's own case series of patients before and after operating on it.
link checked 17 Sept 2026Frederick G. Banting & Charles H. Best
Reported that an extract from dog pancreas lowered blood sugar in diabetic dogs, the experiment that led directly to insulin therapy within a year of publication.
link checked 17 Sept 2026Fuller Albright, Patricia H. Smith & Anna M. Richardson
Links postmenopausal bone loss to declining ovarian hormone production rather than ageing alone, establishing oestrogen deficiency as the central mechanism of what would later be named osteoporosis.
Ivan M. Roitt, Deborah Doniach, Patricia N. Campbell & R. Vaughan Hudson
Detects antibodies against thyroid tissue in patients with Hashimoto's goitre, the first direct evidence that the thyroid gland itself can be a target of autoimmune attack.
Yalow & Berson
Introduces a technique using antibodies to measure minute concentrations of a hormone circulating in blood, providing the quantitative measurement method — radioimmunoassay — that turned endocrinology from a qualitative into a quantitative science.
link checked 17 Sept 2026Gerald M. Reaven
Argues insulin resistance and the compensatory high insulin levels it produces link together several seemingly separate conditions — glucose intolerance, high triglycerides, low HDL and hypertension — into a single clustering syndrome.